Late outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology for the assessment of constitutional and follow-up features of coronary atherosclerosis

Introdução: As modificações evolutivas e o impacto clínico da composição da aterosclerose coronária em pacientes sob prevenção secundária permanecem pouco conhecidos. O ultrassom intravascular com histologia virtual (VH-IVUS) permite caracterizar in vivo tais componentes. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar o papel prognóstico da composição da aterosclerose da árvore coronária proximal, bem como descrever o comportamento dinâmico da placa, explorando a relação entre seus componentes e as alterações geométricas do vaso. Métodos: Conduziu-se um estudo prospectivo, observacional e unicêntrico, que incluiu pacientes encaminhados para intervenção coronária percutânea. Durante essa intervenção, realizou-se VH-IVUS tipo \"artéria inteira\" das três coronárias principais para mensurar os parâmetros geométricos do vaso (luz, membrana elástica externa, placa+média e volume percentual do ateroma) e os componentes das placas (fibrótico, fibrolipídico, núcleo necrótico e cálcio denso). Calculou-se o volume indexado de cada parâmetro por paciente, artéria e subsegmento arterial. Avaliou-se a influência dos volumes indexados da árvore coronária proximal (por paciente), sem considerar a categorização fenotípica das placas, na ocorrência de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (MACE), definidos como óbito, infarto agudo do miocárdio e revascularização miocárdica não planejada, após 4 anos de seguimento. Em um subgrupo de pacientes, VH-IVUS volumétrico seriado foi realizado para estudar variações do ateroma nas artérias e em seus subsegmentos, testando correlações entre componentes da placa e variações geométricas do vaso. Resultados: Foram incluídos 67 pacientes com idade média de 58,9 ± 9,2 anos, 66% do sexo masculino, 42% diabéticos, 69% multiarteriais e 45% com síndrome coronária aguda recente. Obtiveram-se imagens de VH-IVUS para 255 artérias. As médias dos volumes indexados basais da árvore coronária proximal, em escala de cinza, foram: luz 8,8±2,5mm3/mm, membrana elástica externa 15,4±3,5mm3/mm e placa+média 6,6±2,0mm3/mm, com percentual de volume do ateroma de 42,8±8,9%. Quanto aos componentes do ateroma, predominou o fibrótico 2,1 ± 1,0mm3/mm (61,8 ± 6,6%), seguido por núcleo necrótico 0,6±0,4mm3/mm (16,6±6,7%), fibrolipídico 0,5±0,3mm3/mm (14,1±6,0%) e cálcio denso 0,3±0,2mm3/mm (7,6 ± 4,6%). Após 4,9 anos (intervalo interquartil: 4,5 - 5,1 anos) sob prevenção secundária, ocorreram MACE em 18 pacientes, a maioria por reestenose. Não houve correlação entre os volumes indexados basais da árvore coronária proximal e a ocorrência de MACE. VH-IVUS seriado, após 20,6 meses (intervalo interquartil: 9,1 - 23,8 meses), foi realizado em 52 pacientes. Nas artérias desses pacientes, houve redução no volume indexado de luz, redução no volume indexado de membrana elástica externa, sem alteração no volume indexado de placa+média ou no percentual de volume do ateroma. Modificações na composição da placa foram observadas, com incremento absoluto e relativo dos componentes cálcio denso (0,09±0,21mm3/mm p < 0,01; 2,2±7,1% p < 0,01) e núcleo necrótico (0,13±0,47mm3/mm p < 0,01; 3,0 ± 10,9% p < 0,01), redução relativa do componente fibrolipídico (-0,05 ± 0,81mm3/mm p=0,37; -3,7 ± 10,3% p < 0,01) sem variação do componente fibrótico (-0,04 ± 1,00mm3/mm p=0,62; -1,6 ± 13,3% p=0,12). Nos subsegmentos arteriais, a composição basal da placa correlacionou-se com a resposta de remodelamento do vaso. A quantidade total de volume indexado basal dos componentes não calcificados correlacionou-se positivamente com a resposta de remodelamento constrictiva do vaso, que ocorreu menos frequentemente em diabéticos e associou-se a maior incremento do componente cálcio denso durante a evolução. Conclusão: Em coronarianos sob prevenção secundária, a composição média da aterosclerose na árvore coronariana proximal não se associou a ocorrência de eventos cardíacos adversos maiores. O comportamento dinâmico do ateroma foi compatível com estabilização da doença, ocorrendo variação não significativa na quantidade de placa, redução luminal associada a remodelamento negativo do vaso e modificação nos constituintes da placa com desvio de um \"perfil fibrolipídico para um mais calcificado\". A quantidade basal de componentes não calcificados da placa modulou as alterações geométricas direcionadas para o remodelamento constrictivo do vasoBackground: Clinical impact of coronary atherosclerosis composition and their modifications related to secondary prevention remains not well known. Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) allows in vivo characterization of atherosclerotic plaque components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of atherosclerotic plaque composition of proximal coronary tree and to describe the variations in atherosclerotic plaques, exploring the relations of theirs components with geometric modifications of the vessel. Methods: It was conducted a prospective observational single center study, including patients referred to percutaneous coronary intervention. During the interventional procedure, volumetric three vessel \"whole artery\" VH-IVUS was performed to measure geometric vessel (lumen, elastic external membrane, plaque+media, percent atheroma volume) and atheroma compositional parameters (fibrotic, fibrolipid, necrotic core, and dense calcium). It was computed the volumetric index of each parameter in patient, artery, and arterial subsegment level. It was tested the prediction value of the volumetric indexes of proximal coronary tree (patient level), disregarding the phenotypical categorization of plaques, in the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined by death, acute myocardial infarction, and unplanned myocardial revascularization, after 4 years of follow-up. In a subgroup of patients, serial volumetric VH-IVUS was performed to evaluate the modifications of the atheroma in arteries and their subsegments, testing the correlations between plaque components and geometric variations of the vessel. Results: It was included 67 patients with mean age of 58.9 ± 9.2 yearsold, 66% male, 42% with diabetes, 69% with multivessel coronary disease, and 45% with recent acute coronary syndrome. VH-IVUS was obtained for 255 arteries. The average of volumetric indexes of proximal coronary tree was: lumen 8.8±2.5mm3/mm; elastic external membrane 15.4 ± 3.5mm3/mm; placa+media 6.6 ± 2.0mm3/mm and percent atheroma volume 42.8±8.9%. In terms of composition, the predominant component was fibrotic 2.1 ± 1,0mm3/mm (61.8 ± 6.6%), followed by necrotic core 0.6 ± 0.4mm3/mm (16.6 ± 6.7%), fibrolipid 0.5 ± 0.3mm3/mm (14.1 ± 6.0%) and dense calcium 0.3 ± 0.2mm3/mm (7.6 ± 4.6%). After a 4.9- year (interquartile interval: 4.5 - 5.1) follow-up, MACE occurred in 18 patients, mainly motivated by stent reestenosis. There was no correlation between baseline volumetric indexes of proximal coronary tree and the occurrence of MACE. Serial VH-IVUS, after 20.6 months (interquartile interval: 9.1 - 23.8 months), was performed in 52 patients. In arterial level, there was decrease in lumen index volume, reduction in elastic external membrane index volume, with no variation in placa+media index volume and percent atheroma volume. Changes in plaque composition were observed, with increase in absolute and relative dense calcium (0.09 ± 0.21mm3/mm p < 0.01; 2.2 ± 7.1% p < 0.01) and necrotic core (0.13 ± 0.47mm3/mm p < 0.01; 3.0 ± 10.9% p < 0.01), relative decrease in fibrolipid (-0.05 ± 0.81mm3/mm p=0.37; - 3.7 ± 10.3% p < 0.01), and no modification in fibrotic component (-0.04 ± 1.00mm3/mm p=0.62; -1.6 ± 13.3% p=0.12). In arterial subsegment level, baseline plaque composition correlated with remodeling response of the vessel. Total index volume of non-calcified plaque components positively correlated with a trend toward constrictive remodeling of the vessel, which occurred less frequently in diabetic patients and was associated with greater increase in dense calcium component. Conclusion: In patients with coronary artery disease treated with secondary prevention strategies, mean atherosclerotic plaque composition of the proximal coronary tree was not able to predict major adverse cardiac events. Dynamic behavior of atheroma in these patients was compatible with disease stabilization, related to quantitative plaque steadiness, lumen reduction associated with constrictive remodeling of the vessel, and modifications of plaque components with shifting from \"fibrolipid to more calcified profile\". Total non-calcified plaque components modulated geometric modifications toward constrictive remodeling of the vesse

Stent versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Multi-Vessel and Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials with Subgroups Evaluation

Abstract Background: Comparison between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using stents and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) remains controversial. Objective: To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of PCI using Stents versus CABG in randomized controlled trials. Methods: Electronic databases were searched to identify randomized trials comparing PCI using Stents versus CABG for multi-vessel and unprotected left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD). 15 trials were found and their results were pooled. Differences between trials were considered significant if p < 0.05. Results: In the pooled data (n = 12,781), 30 days mortality and stroke were lower with PCI (1% versus 1.7%, p = 0.01 and 0.6% versus 1.7% p < 0.0001); There was no difference in one and two year mortality (3.3% versus 3.7%, p = 0.25; 6.3% versus 6.0%, p = 0.5). Long term mortality favored CABG (10.6% versus 9.4%, p = 0.04), particularly in trials of DES era (10.1% versus 8.5%, p = 0.01). In diabetics (n = 3,274) long term mortality favored CABG (13.7% versus 10.3%; p < 0.0001). In six trials of LMCAD (n = 4,700) there was no difference in 30 day mortality (0.6%versus 1.1%, p = 0.15), one year mortality (3% versus 3.7%, p = 0.18), and long term mortality (8.1% versus 8.1%) between PCI and CABG; the incidence of stroke was lower with PCI (0.3% versus 1.5%; p < 0.001). Diabetes and a high SYNTAX score were the subgroups that influenced more adversely the results of PCI. Conclusion: Compared with CABG, PCI using Stents showed lower 30 days mortality, higher late mortality and lower incidence of stroke. Diabetes and a high SYNTAX were the subgroups that influenced more adversely the results of PCI

Drug-eluting stents Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Multivessel Disease and Left Main Obstruction: Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

<div><p>Abstract Background: The choice between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains controversial. Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized studies comparing drug-eluting stents (DES) and CABG in multivessel disease or obstruction of the left main coronary artery. Method: Electronic databases were searched systematically to evaluate results of randomized trials comparing PCI with DES versus CABG in multivessel disease and obstruction of the left main coronary artery. Ten studies were identified. Results: In the aggregated results (n = 9268), mortality at 30 days and incidence of stroke favored PCI (0.8% versus 1.5%, p = 0.005; 0.4% versus 1.5%, p < 0.0001, respectively). There was no difference in mortality at 1 year (3.4% versus 3.5%, p = 0.50). The late mortality favored CABG (10.1% versus 8.5%, p = 0.01). In patients with diabetes derived from four studies (n = 3830), late mortality favored CABG (12.5% versus 9.7%, p < 0.0001). In six studies of left main coronary artery obstruction (n = 4700), the incidence of stroke favored PCI (0.3% versus 1.5%, p < 0.001) and there was no difference in mortality at 30 days (0.8% versus 1.3%, p = 0.15), mortality at 1 year, or late mortality (8.1% versus 8.1%). The subgroups with high SYNTAX score and diabetes were those influencing most strongly and adversely the PCI results. Conclusion: When compared with PCI, CABG was superior in regards to late mortality and inferior in regards to 30-day mortality and incidence of stroke. Diabetes and SYNTAX score strongly impacted the results.</p></div

Acurácia e precisão da angiografia coronária quantitativa online com calibração automática: um estudo piloto

ResumoIntroduçãoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de acurácia, precisão, correlação e concordância entre as medidas realizadas por um software de angiografia coronária quantitativa (QCA) online de calibração automática.MétodosEstudo piloto que analisou imagens angiográficas de dez pacientes com um software de QCA online nas calibrações automáticas Auto ISO (calibração automática do isocentro) e Auto TOD (Table‐to‐Object Distance). Foi realizada a medida do calibre do cateter pelos dois métodos, e o diâmetro de referência foi computado. Essas medidas foram comparadas com a medida do diâmetro do cateter quanto à acurácia, precisão e concordância.ResultadosO diâmetro médio real dos cateteres era de 1,75 ± 0,32mm (variando entre 1,33 e 2,67mm). A aferição dos cateteres pela QCA TOD e pela QCA ISO resultou em diâmetros médios de 1,78 ± 0,37mm e 1,88 ± 0,38mm, respectivamente. A acurácia/precisão da QCA TOD e da QCA ISO foi 0,03mm/0,21mm e 0,12mm/0,20mm, respectivamente. As medidas da QCA TOD e da QCA ISO estiveram entre os limites de concordância em 96,3 e 94,7% dos casos, respectivamente. As medidas da QCA TOD e da QCA ISO correlacionaram‐se significativamente (rs = 0,93; p < 0,01). No entanto, apesar da pequena diferença entre os métodos (0,10 ± 0,10mm), as medidas da QCA ISO foram estatisticamente maiores que aquelas obtidas com a QCA TOD (p < 0,01).ConclusõesA QCA online com calibração automática apresentou boa acurácia, precisão e correlação, podendo representar uma ferramenta promissora no laboratório de hemodinâmica.AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of accuracy, precision, correlation, and agreement between the measurements performed by online Quantitative Coronary Angiography (QCA) software with automatic calibration.MethodsPilot study that analyzed angiographic images of ten patients through online QCA software using Auto ISO (automatic calibration isocenter) and Auto TOD (Table‐to‐Object Distance) automatic calibration. Catheter size was measured by both methods and the reference diameter was computed. These measurements were compared with the measurement of catheter diameter regarding accuracy, precision, and agreement.ResultsThe actual average of the catheter diameter was 1.75 ± 0.32mm (range 1.33 to 2.67mm). The measurement of catheters by TOD QCA and ISO QCA resulted in mean diameters of 1.78 ± 0.37mm and 1.88 ± 0.38mm, respectively. The accuracy/precision of the TOD QCA and the ISO QCA was 0.03mm/0.21 mm and 0.12mm/0.20mm, respectively. The TOD QCA and ISO QCA measures were among the limits of agreement in 96.3 and 94.7% of cases, respectively, and were significantly correlated (rs = 0.93, p < 0.01). However, despite the small difference between the methods (0.10 ± 0.10mm), the ISO QCA measures were significantly higher than those obtained by the TOD QCA (p < 0.01).ConclusionsOnline QCA with automatic calibration has good accuracy, precision, and correlation, which may represent a promising tool in the catheterization laboratory

Evaluation of plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound ""virtual histology"": the impact of dense calcium on the measurement of necrotic tissue

Aims: We aimed to evaluate if the co-localisation of calcium and necrosis in intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH) is due to artefact, and whether this effect can be mathematically estimated. Methods and results: We hypothesised that, in case calcium induces an artefactual coding of necrosis, any addition in calcium content would generate an artificial increment in the necrotic tissue. Stent struts were used to simulate the ""added calcium"". The change in the amount and in the spatial localisation of necrotic tissue was evaluated before and after stenting (n=17 coronary lesions) by means of a especially developed imaging software. The area of ""calcium"" increased from a median of 0.04 mm(2) at baseline to 0.76 mm(2) after stenting (p<0.01). In parallel the median necrotic content increased from 0.19 mm(2) to 0.59 mm(2) (p<0.01). The ""added"" calcium strongly predicted a proportional increase in necrosis-coded tissue in the areas surrounding the calcium-like spots (model R(2)=0.70; p<0.001). Conclusions: Artificial addition of calcium-like elements to the atherosclerotic plaque led to an increase in necrotic tissue in virtual histology that is probably artefactual. The overestimation of necrotic tissue by calcium strictly followed a linear pattern, indicating that it may be amenable to mathematical correction.State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), BrazilFAPES

Rare manifestation of acute pulmonary edema associated with acute lupus myocarditis

O lupus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é a mais comum das doenças auto-imunes sistêmicas, ocorrendo com maior freqüência no sexo feminino, usualmente na faixa etária entre 16 e 55 anos1,2. Embora os rins classicamente sejam os órgãos mais acometidos no LES, o coração e a circulação cardiopulmonar também podem ser afetados de forma significativa3. Nesse contexto, a ocorrência de edema agudo de pulmão associado à miocardite lúpica é rara e de tratamento imunossupressor específico ainda incerto